- William Cranch Bond 1839–1859
- George Philips Bond 1859–1865
- Joseph Winlock 1866–1875
- Edward Pickering 1877–1919
- Solon Bailey 1919–1921 (acting)
- Harlow Shapley 1921–1952
- Donald Menzel 1952–1966
- Leo Goldberg 1966–1970
- Alexander Dalgarno 1970–1972 (acting)
- George Field 1972–1983
- Irwin Shapiro 1983–2004
- Charles Alcock 2004–2012
- Lisa Kewley 2012-